Category: electronics


Soldering 101 presentation at Black Lodge Research

Filed Under: electronics, teaching
Sep.19, 2011

After 6 months of talking about it, I finally gave my soldering 101 presentation at Black Lodge Research today.  If you were there or not, there are a few points that I was trying to drive home with this presentation.

  • Wash your hands and beware of lead
  • Clean your tip
  • Lead-free solder sucks ass!
  • Secure your work with fun tak

For those who missed it, sorry.  For everyone else, look forward to a couple of future classes on soldering surface mount devices and another one about making your own circuit boards at home.  Here are the slides and notes from the class:

Soldering 101 Open Office Presentation

Soldering 101 Presentation notes

Thanks to the folks who came out and made this talk fun and also thanks to the folks who dropped money in the donation box to help keep our hackerspace running.

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Rebuilding a Toshiba Libretto 50CT battery pack

Filed Under: electronics, retro
Mar.18, 2011

Since I bought my Librettos for $15-$20/ea, I didn’t want to spend $40 on a rebuilt battery so I decided to have my friend James help rebuild a couple of the packs I have.

I have a 2 x 6-cell packs and 1 x 3-cell pack.  I purchased 9 “new” “Sony” 17670′s off of eBay.  I say new in quotes because they were not new when they arrived.  They obviously had been welded previously and someone ground the solder tabs off of them.  Also, we tested all 9 of the cells before we soldered up the pack.  Out of the 9, we found 3 of them at .66-1.30 volts.  When a Lithium Ion cell gets discharged to that point, you can kiss it goodbye.  It’s no longer viable because the chemistry changes and becomes less stable.  Another 3 were in the 2v ranges which may have been recoverable but probably not worth screwing with since it’s still outside of the specified operating range.  The final 3 were in the 3v range which was ok.  4.2v would be fully charged and none of them were anywhere near that.  Not that I’d expect them to be.

I say Sony in quotes because the batteries were counterfeit.  We could tell this because the physical structure of the cells are all slightly different and mismatched.  The blue jackets are printed at a very low quality level and are wrinkled in places where they’ve been improperly shrunk.

Counterfeit batteries are a HUGE problem on eBay.  I firmly believe that probably over 85% of the Lithium Ion batteries on eBay are counterfeit or of inferior/dangerous quality.  Most of them are extremely overrated as well.  For instance, a 18650 cell simply cannot hold 4000MaH.  It’s not physically possible for on of these cells output that much energy without draining it to an unusable state.

Whatever the case, our theory is that we are sending out batteries over to China to be recycled and they are disassembling the battery packs and reshrinkwrapping them and then selling them back to us on eBay.  Not sure if that’s the case with all of it but I’m sure that some of that is happening.

In the picture above, you can see very clearly the example of the wrinkled jackets.  Also, notice the real Sony cells on the right have different/darker colored jackets.

We finished the 3-cell battery up anyways with the 3 half-decent cells we picked from the batch.  I tossed it in my fancy outboard charger that came with one of the laptops and so far so good.  No heat and no smoke.  Time will tell if the rebuild was even worth the trouble.

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Hakko 936 solder station review

Filed Under: electronics, reviews
Jan.12, 2011

I have been asked by a LOT of folks which soldering iron I recommend.  To give a little background, I used repair CRT monitors for a living back when A) a monitor was cheaper to repair than replace  B) crt monitors were still in style.  Sure it’s been a while but over the years I’ve used different irons.  At that particular job, I used a Weller solder station.  It wasn’t terrible but I can’t say it was overly impressive either.  It was cheap ($60) and it got the job done.  After that job, I didn’t buy my own solder station for years.  Instead I bought cheapo irons from Radio Shack like it was going out of style.  They used to be about $3 when I started buying them and now they are up to about $9.  These irons sort of got the job done over the years but they had problems.  I’ll just list off some of the top disadvantages that come to mind:

  1. They take forever to warm up to the proper temperature.
  2. They are unregulated so the temperature can be wildly inconsistent.
  3. The metals in the iron and tip are cheap and dissimilar.  After a while the tip will loosen and it will be impossible to properly tighten it.
  4. The plating on the tip seems to be prone to gumming up and eventually becomes impossible to clean.
  5. If you drop the iron on the cord, it will burn through the insulation.
  6. They don’t come with a stand and I consider the ones they sell unsafe.

The main advantage, price, won me over all those years but I’ve rounded up my “collection” of these irons and it amounted to a large pile.  I buy them like screwdrivers and strategically lose them in places where I’d likely remember to look later…

More recently, I’ve finally started soldering surface mount components on a regular basis so I decided I needed something that was regulated at the very least.  Enter the Hakko 936.  The 936 is NOT expensive for a solder station.  In fact, you can get it on Amazon for around $85-$95 typically.  Compared to my old Weller, it feels like a Mercedes Benz of soldering stations if there ever were such a thing.  Instead of my typical conversational review, I will just explicitly list the advantages here:

  1. Heats up in 10-15 seconds.
  2. Indicator light lets you know it’s on.
  3. Temperature is regulated and it bounces back fast when pressed.
  4. Comes with a beefy stand with an integrated sponge to keep the tip clean.
  5. Burn proof wire from the iron to the base unit.
  6. ESD safe. (seems to be, I haven’t fried anything with it)
  7. Light weight iron feels well balanced in your hand.
  8. Tip stays clean for a long time.
  9. Chisel tip included with the iron is very versatile.(for my uses at least)
  10. Don’t need a 15w, 25w and a 40w solder iron to do different jobs.  This one does it all.

There are probably even more advantages that I’m not thinking of but this list is a good start.  Back when I started buying the crappy Radio Shack irons, I didn’t really know any better and soldering stations were still $150-$200 for a professional grade model.  Thanks to global economics, demand and competition though, there are several choices under $150.  Yes, there is also the Aoyue 936 for $50.  I have not used it or compared them side-by-side but I can tell you that the Hakko looks, feels and performs like a professional piece of equipment.  It does what I expect, when I expect it and overall has exceeded my expectations.

By the way, the Hakko(at least mine) is made in Japan if you were wondering.  In the past, when I’ve tried to cut corners by purchasing the knockoff tool, I’ve ended up with something that doesn’t last and is disappointing.  Anyone who has ever shopped at Harbor Freight knows what I mean.  I expect the 936 will be the last soldering station I will ever need.  Now a hot air pencil is a different story ;-)   Beyond the 936 models, there is also the digital readout version of the Hakko solder station but it’s considerably more expensive for something that won’t make your soldering a damned bit better.

I keep my soldering station pegged at 700 degrees.  If you are soldering something more sensitive or more heavy duty, adjust as needed obviously but 700 degrees seems to work well for my purposes.  If you have concerns about this, consult the data sheet of the component you are trying to solder.  Also, Don’t buy this awesome solder station and use crap solder.  Grab a spool of Kester 44 Rosin Core Solder 60/40.  I have a roll that I’ve been using since 2001(it’s dated) and it works great.  The lead free solder is complete and utter garbage in my experience.  It makes for lousy solder joints and is just generally hard to work with.

While you are rounding out your kit, a Flux pen and Chem-Wik desolding wick are both extremely nice to have.  Don’t buy 50′ of Chem-Wik from Amazon though.  They come in 5′ rolls that should be less than $5 or so.  Please feel free to comment on any experiences you’ve had with Hakko or Aoyue gear in the comments.  Happy soldering!

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My 8-year old nixie clock project finally completed

Filed Under: electronics
Nov.10, 2010

This project was started roughly 8 years ago when the large Boroughs B-7971 nixie tubes were still reasonably priced.  My friend scored these six tubes on eBay for $10/ea.  These particular tubes were salvaged from the ticker boards of the New York stock exchange. The clock uses an older Atmel AVR 90S2331 microcontroller as a CPU.  The code was written in bascom also by my friend after a two-year setback where my wife moved the clock while it was only half assembled and fried the first Atmel chip.  I originally modified my friend’s code in RVK but he decided to gut the code and rewrite it by the time we got around to revisiting this project.  I built the case out of 1/4″ oak that is obviously stained black.  There are no nails in it.  It was done entirely with wood glue and clamps since that’s what I had at the time I started the project.

My friend James painstakingly built the entire circuit on perf board for me.  The tubes are driven directly from 12 TD62084AP 8 channel high voltage driver ICs which are in turn driven by an array of 12 cascaded 74HC595N shift registers.  Other than that, there is a beefy power supply that puts out the 170v and some lower voltages for the logic circuitry.  It uses the 60Hz of the A/C line for a sync source.

I’m very pleased with how the final clock turned out.  It seems to keep the time very well.

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GoodFET

Filed Under: electronics, embedded devices
Nov.01, 2010

I received my GoodFET PCB in the mail the other day and ordered up the parts from Digikey to build it out.  The parts(not including the PCB) were about $15.  My friend James actually built it for me on his hotplate since this was all surface mounted soldering and I didn’t feel like doing it with my iron.  That part went fairly easily and when I put it in the USB the lights flashed so everything seems to be working as far as I can tell.  When I brought it back home, I plugged it into my Gentoo system and worked through the next steps.

First off, I needed to install some prereqs:

emerge pyserial

emerge pysqlite

I also ended up having to add “sqlite” as a USE flag in the /etc/make.conf and then rebuilding python for that library to be available:

emerge python

Then I installed the firmware with:

./goodfet.bsl –fromweb

After that, I was able to perform the self test which took about a minute and a half:

./goodfet.monitor test

Everything went pretty smoothly as promised.  Next challenge is that I am going to attempt is to use the goodfet to unbrick a wrt54g.

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Hooking a NES controller to the Toshiba Libretto 50CT

Filed Under: electronics, retro
Sep.12, 2010

At some point, some clever folks figured out that a NES controller contains a simple 8-bit shift register that can be read by a parallel port.  There are really just 3 things that matter.  Those are CLOCK, LATCH & DATA.  The rest of the pins and the diodes are just for power and ground.

With my version, I actually used one additional pin for power which was pin 4.  According to some sites, 1n914 diodes are ideal but in my case, I used 1n4001 diodes which were readily available at Radio Shack in a grab bag and they seem to work just fine.  I think that almost any silicon diodes will do the trick in this application.  The only reason for them is so the power is not back fed through the port as a side effect of tying all the lines together.  Overall, this is a GREAT beginner hack if you are just learning about electronics since it doesn’t even require a circuit board.

After the hardware was done, the software is the next piece of the puzzle.  I am using sneskey as my driver.  Sneskey is a slick little program that allows you to map many different types of controllers to keys on your keyboard.  You don’t really run sneskey in the background as a TSR though.  Instead, you set up the sneskey configuration file to load your emulator.  In my case, I used nesticle.  To set this whole thing up, download I would just extract all the sneskey files into the same directory as you extract nesticle and it’s companion program dos/4gw.  After that, you’ll want to edit the nes.ini file and change the ProgPath line to look something like this:

ProgPath = c:\nesticle\nesticle

Check the key bindings while you are in there.  They should be fine though.  After that, you should be able to launch nesticle and sneskey with the following command:

C:\nesticle>sneskey nes

Once you have launched the program with your controller plugged in, go to settings –>  input  –>  device 1.  In there, make sure Keyboard 1 is selected.  If all went well, everything should work except A & B.  Hit “redefine keys” and click on “A”, then press “A” on the gamepad to bind the key.  Repeat the process for “B” and you should now be good to go.

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How to build an 8-bit IDE controller for a PC XT

Filed Under: electronics, retro
Jul.30, 2010

My final assembled XT-IDE 8-bit ISA card

Once I started messing with my IBM PC XT, I realized that there were things I had taken for granted all along since my first PC compatible system was a 386.  I didn’t realize that IDE uses a 16-bit bus and it would take some trickery to use an IDE device in an older 8-bit system like the XT.  I searched around and found that there were in fact 8-bit ISA controllers but they were expensive and rare.  Finding one these days would be a stroke of luck or a dent in the pocket book.  I was about to design my own when I came across the XT-IDE project.  The XT-IDE project is an open source venture where a group of people designed exactly what I needed with fairly common off-the-shelf parts.  I had my friend James to burn the code onto the eeprom for me  because I have no way to put something on a 360K floppy disc but aside from that, the project primarily consists of easy through-hole soldering.

Front side of the unpopulated XT-IDE PCB

I ordered my board the other day from Andrew Lynch who can be found lurking in this huge forum thread.  It was $14 including shipping which I felt was more than fair considering the quality of the board.  It’s a very professional dual-sided PCB with a full solder mask and silkscreen.  It would take me far too much time to attempt to replicate this at home.  It’s also nice that it has all of the settings printed VERY clearly on the board and the url for www.vintage-computer.com so I won’t forget where I found this project.

The bill of materials looks a little daunting at first but it’s really not a huge project.  The list below references Jameco part numbers.  There are a few non-critical items and some others that you can pillage from other ISA cards such as an L-bracket, pan screws and shorting blocks (jumpers).  I’m personally going to skip using most of the sockets since I’m fairly confident with my soldering skills and dual-wipe sockets tend to add another point of failure.

1               XT-IDE PCB (get this from Andrew lynch)
10   25523 	CAP,MONO,.1uF,50V,20%
1    1945428 	CAP,RADIAL,47uF,35V
2    45129 	IC,74HCT688
1    46316 	IC,74LS04
1    46607 	IC,74LS138
1    47466 	IC,74LS32
1    287144 	IC,74F245,DIP-20
3    282642 	IC,74F573,DIP-20
1    74827     	Atmel EEPROM IC, 28C64
2    112214 	SOCKET,IC,14PIN,DUAL WIPE
6    112248 	SOCKET,IC,DUAL WIPE,20PIN
1    112272 	SOCKET,IC,DUAL WIPE,28PIN
1    526205 	SOCKET,IC,16 PIN,390261-4
3    112432 	SOCKET,SHORTNG BLKS,RED,CLSE
1    690662 	RES,CF,150 OHM,1/4 WATT,5%
6    691104 	RES,CF,10K OHM,1/4 WATT,5%
2    857080 	MOLDED SIP,9PIN,BUSSED,10K,2%
1    333949 	LED,GREEN,572NM,T-1 3/4
1    1939562 	SWITCH,DIP,SPST,8-POS,16-PIN
1    53604 	HEADER,RT MALE,2RW,40 CONT
1    109568 	HEADER,.1 ST MALE,2RW,16PIN
1    109576     HEADER,.1 ST MALE,1RW,3PIN
2    2094389 	SCREW,PAN HEAD,PPN4-40X1/4
1    N/A        Keystone 9202 ISA bracket with 2 PCB mounting tabs.

Once I had all of the parts together, it was time to check out the build instructions.  This project is a VERY easy build.  All of the IC’s are labeled on the PCB, all of the caps are identical except one which is labeled and called out and all of the resistors are the same aside from the one that goes with the LED.  There are only two gotchas that I can think of.  First off, before you solder in the 40 pin IDE connector, you should pull the key pin out from the connector.  Grab an IDE cable and line it up with your connector, you will see which one is the key pin fairly quickly.  Secondly, the default dip switch setting is correct on the back side of the PCB but incorrect in the build instructions.  Set it to 01110111 as stated on the back of the card.  If you need to set this to a different setting, you will need to re-flash the firmware on the eeprom for some reason.  The default seems to work fine however so no big deal.

The original NCL MFM controller that came in my PC XT

Overall this project has cost me about $30.  I’ve learned some new stuff and I can now use my IBM PC XT with a modern IDE hard drive.  My next step will be to try to use the system with a compact flash card.  Now I can install MS-DOS 6.22 and hopefully Xenix at some point without disrupting the original MS-DOS 3.2 file system.

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How to add a serial port to a WRT54G-TM

Filed Under: electronics
Jul.16, 2010

I have a small stack of WRT54G routers at my house.  When I find them second hand for cheap, they tend to be the WRT54G-TM variant.  This version is actually great for modding and hacking because people seem to think it’s tied to T-Mobile so it must require a contract to use or something and they will sell them cheap.  Personally I’ve had no trouble putting DD-WRT on the WRT54G-TM.  In fact, the WRT54G-TM has 32MB ram and 8MB which is far more than most of the other routers in the series.

Today, I’m going to add a serial port to my WRT54G-TM so I can use a terminal to log into it.  I think this will be handy for debugging since I plan to change the firmware on this router to Openwrt.  I’m going to use a debugging board given to me by an unnamed friend at an unnamed company.  There is nothing special about the board.  It’s just a serial level shifter with a Maxim 3221CAE IC on it.  It’s a fairly standard circuit that they publish on the datasheet for that IC.  I’m just using this board because it will save me time doing this hack.  The nice thing about the 3221 variant is that it will run on the 3.3V that is already present on the header.  I’m loosely following directions from here showing two serial ports added to a WRT54GS.

To mark out the location for my new serial port, I’m going to use fire.  I found a totally useless serial dock that corresponds with a defunct proprietary service and grabbed my blowtorch.  I heated up the end of the cable as hot as I could get it and made an impression inside the WRT54G-TM.  After that, I took a Dremel and routed out a hole for the DB9.

Next I soldered the wires in place.  On the Maxim chip, the r-out goes to the RXD pin on the header and the t-in on the chip goes to the TXD on the header.  3.3V on the header goes to VCC on the chip and GND goes to GND.  Make sure to leave the wires long enough to get the case closed again.  After I was satisfied with the soldering, I globbed on a LOT of hot glue to hold that little serial board in place.  Ignore my sd card mod since it’s not related to this hack.

Once it was all back together I fired up Minicom with the settings 115,200, 8, 1, no parity and no flow control.  The no flow control part is especially important.  Now when I boot up the router, I can see all of the debugging information.  Now with this serial port I can experiment with vlans and other things that can break your SSH session.  If I wanted to get really tricky, I could probably even use my hacked WRT54G-TM as a wireless-serial bridge for consoling into my Cisco routers that I keep in the garage.  They are too loud to keep by my desk.

If you like this article, you can support my site by using this link to buy your next WRT54G from Amazon.  You might also consider buying Linksys WRT54G Ultimate Hacking for more advanced hardware and software hacks for your WRT54G.

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Adding a serial port to the Zipit Z2 with an internal serial level shifter

Filed Under: electronics, gadgets, zipit
Jun.24, 2010

Usually when I modify something, I try not to ruin the aesthetics. It has to perform and look better(or the same) than before I start the project, otherwise I don’t want to do it. I think this mod has achieved that. With some help from a friend, I managed to design and build a surface mount serial level converter board that fits inside the Zipit Z2 behind the screen. It pops out of the Zipit in the form of a 3.5mm headphone jack that is stuffed up in one of the only spots it would possibly fit. From there, I built a short cable that turns the 3.5mm plug into a DB-9 for plugging into any standard serial hardware.

The mod is powered entirely from the Zipit it and will have an unnoticeable effect on battery life. The chip I used is the Maxim 3221 CAE 16 pin SOIC variant which also has some built in power saving functionality. This was the smallest chip that I could find that would do the job. The size of the capacitors on the board are not entirely critical but their function is. They help the IC boost the voltage up to the proper level for communicating with RS-232 devices. Without the caps, chances are that the converter will work for some devices and not for others because it will fail to fall within the RS-232 spec. I used .1uF surface mount caps in a 603 package. They are pretty tiny but certainly not unmanageable. There are plenty of tutorials out there on soldering surface mount components if you happen to be nervous about this.  Here is the schematic.

Before we can put the board in, we need to crack the case so I put together this Zipit disassembly guide.  After it was apart, I could see the space that I had behind the screen.  It’s a surprising amount really.  They could have made this thing a little thinner if they wanted to.

Here is a good view of the area behind the LCD

Test fitting the 3.5mm jack

As I was I saying, the 3.5mm jack is stuffed in the only spot I could find for it.  It’s where the LCD cable comes down from the upper half of the Zipit.  I happened to salvage this headphone jack from a Sansa Shaker which is a great MP3 player for a baby.  I had an extra one that was broken so I took the two headphone jacks out of it and gave one to my friend.  rkdavis found a 3.5mm jack on Digikey that looks pretty similar to what I used.  The space is very tight so the size of the jack is critical.

The wires routed and board mounted

As you can see, that board fits perfectly in that empty square.  I used a few dabs of hot glue to hold everything together and route the wires where I wanted them to go.  I took care to mark the wires with Sharpie pen notches so I knew which wire went where.  The wires I used are Kynar 30 AWG wire wrap wire.

Using helping hands to solder the 3.5mm jack

After the wires were all routed, I stuck the LCD housing back together.  I pulled all 7 wires through the same spot where the LCD wiring comes into the lower half of the unit.  I used some Helping Hands to hold the headphone jack and solder tiny wires to it.

3.5mm jack hot glued in place

I used copious amounts of hot glue to make sure that headphone jack didn’t move.  I also drilled the hole extra tight and crammed the jack into it so I don’t expect any movement at all.  After this step, the hard part is done and there are only 4 wires left to hassle with.

Mainboard locations for hooking up the serial converter

I stuck the keyboard back together and put the motherboard back into the zipit it.  Then it was fairly easy to solder the last four leads to these locations and put the bottom half of the case back together.  Now that it’s done, it’s time to plug it into a serial port.

The completed mod including the dongle

I’m using Hyper Terminal in Windows XP under VM Ware Fusion.  The port settings are 115,200, 8 bits, 1 stop bit, no parity and NO flow control(very important).  Here is what pops up when I first boot the Zipit.

This is what pops up when you first boot the Zipit

If anyone wants to replicate what I’ve done, here is the PCB layout for Kicad.  Feel free to comment if you need more assistance.

Now for that USB host mod …

If you are interested in buying your own Zipit to hack and you like the information on my site, please buy your Zipit using this link and support my site. You won’t find them anywhere cheaper than that anyways.

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Testing out the Parallax #28140 Serial RFID reader module

Filed Under: electronics, gadgets
Jun.01, 2010

Thanks to a hot tip from Hack a Day, I became the proud owner of a RFID reader for $10.  It is a Parallax branded part.  If you go to Radio Shack, you’ll probably find that it’s not marked down in the drawer but when you take it up to the cashier, it should ring up at $10. In the past, I’ve always disregarded the Parallax branded parts because I associated them with BASIC stamps which I am not to interested in since I feel like they are excessively priced considering an AVR can do all of the same stuff and more with a little fiddling.  Taking a closer look however, I see now that most of the accessories could be interfaced with any project.

On the front of the package, it has the RS part number which is 276-0032.  It is labeled “RFID Reader with tags”.  Below that it says:

  • 2400-baud serial output
  • Easy prototyping and integration
  • Includes two passive ransponder tags (yes it there is a typo on my package)

On the back side of the package it says:

  • Ideal for payment systems, inventory tracking and similar applications
  • 2400-baud serial output to a PC or other processor
  • 0.100 pin spacing for easy prototyping and integration
  • Includes 2 different passive transponder tags
  • Dual-color LEDs

Whatever the case, I opened up the package and found the reader and the two different RFID tags.  One is a donut-shaped ring that says “World Tag Unique RFID – Logistic and Industrial Transponder“.  The other tag is unmarked but appears to be a blank ID card that is ready to be printed.  I couldn’t find much info on that World Tag and there is even less on the blank card since it’s not labeled.  The only sensible thing to day here is to test it out and see what happens!

With a little help from the RFID Reader #28140 datasheet, I found that the ENABLE pin needed to be grounded to activate the antenna.  When you apply power, the LED turns green, then you ground the ENABLE pin and the light turns red.  This means the unit is ready to scan RFIDs.  I used a prolific USB-Serial adapter and booted hyperterm in a VM to capture the output of the device. I plugged a null modem cable into my serial converter so it would be easier to jumper down to my breadboard.  I wired pin 3 on the null modem cable to SOUT and pin 5 to GND.

The “numbers” that the device spits out seem to be a 12-byte ascii string of somewhat odd characters so what I get in HyperTerminal isn’t especially readable.  I did copy and paste the output into a hex editor though and it became a bit more coherent.  Reading the datasheet mentions that the first and last byte are start and stop bytes so that leaves you with 10 actual bytes of unique identifier string.  This works out to a WAY larger number of possibilities than I can comprehend(1.16252367 × 10 to the 24th to be precise).  A couple of interesting facts…  As long as I hold the card near the reader, it continues to spit out it’s string over and over.  When I pulled the tag away quickly, sometimes I’d only get a partial read but then it would usually start again at the beginning when I would put it back again.  Putting two tags near the reader at the same time seems to confuse it as I would expect.  It does fairly well in that regard though.

One thing to note is that I ran into some serious reliability issues as the voltage of my dying batteries dropped.  When they got down to three volts, the reader failed to function even though the indicator light was still bright as ever.  Plugging it into a wallwart did the trick though.

This is a bare bones reader.  What I mean is that ALL it does is read the tag and spit out the number over and over again.  It is up to whatever you plug it into to give the user tactical feedback of some nature that the card has properly been read.  IE, this reader doesn’t beep, blink, buzz etc, so they leave that part up to you.  There is also no inherent security in this device to speak of.  If someone could tap the serial line, they could obviously spoof whatever number can be read.  As far as cloning the tags, I’m not sure how it could be done but I’m sure it’s possible.  I DID try to scan various different tags I could find in my house with no success.  First one was an HID card.  I didn’t expect anything but it was worth a shot.  Also tried the rest of the cards in my wallet with no success (thankfully) and a few various inventory control tags.

Personally, for my own projects, this is a solution without a problem but these RFID tags are everywhere so it is an interesting study to see how they operate on some level.  If you want more information on this RFID reader, the datasheet is an excellent resource.  Extra RFID tags are available in low quantities from the Parallax store

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